Correction:

An earlier version of this story incorrectly identified the Kairaouine Mosque as the largest in Africa. It is one of the largest, but not the largest. The error has been corrected below.

Wandering through the medinas of Morocco

(Ken Geiger/ National Geographic ) - Jemaa el-Fna square in Marrakesh comes alive at night with vendors yelling at passersby to sit down and try their specialties.

(Ken Geiger/ National Geographic ) - Jemaa el-Fna square in Marrakesh comes alive at night with vendors yelling at passersby to sit down and try their specialties.

We lolled on the roof terrace and made forays into the medina. We spotted some Westerners, but not as many as I’d expected. Mid-November is off-season, but the more likely explanation was the nail bomb that had gone off in one of the Jemaa el-Fna cafes in 2011, killing 17. The Arab Spring had scared tourists away from North Africa, although the Moroccan Kingdom is one of the few countries that escaped upheaval.

What there wasn’t a shortage of was cats. Morocco must have one of the world’s largest cat populations. (Is there such a thing as a cat census?) The ones we saw were on the thin side, but most looked healthy; their eyes were clear, their fur shiny. Apparently, cats aren’t privately owned in Morocco but more like community pets. They wander in the crowd, and people feed them scraps. Maybe cats prefer this free though precarious lifestyle. We saw few dogs, which Muslims regard as unclean.

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Wharton wrote that Marrakesh “is the great market of the south, and the south means not only the Atlas with its feudal chiefs and their wild clansmen, but all that lies beyond of heat and savagery.”

We didn’t see camel caravans or wild men, but after dark the Jemaa el-Fna is lively with acrobats, musicians and pop-up restaurants serving tagine, a stewlike dish traditionally cooked in a special earthenware pot. At a long communal table, we ate an inexpensive, if not delectable, dish of overcooked vegetables on a bed of couscous. After dinner we were urged by other restaurateurs to sample their cooking. “You’re so skinny, you could eat two more meals,” was a standard line.

We were fascinated by the Gnawa musicians playing African Islamic spirituals. Their instruments were large metal castanets, three-string long-necked lutes and double-headed drums. If we strayed close, a member of the entourage would jump up and demand a donation.

Mazed and confused

After three delightful days, we made our way to Fes by train. The medina of Fes is huge, because it was once two cities, facing each other across a valley. They were founded in the 9th century and only united two centuries later. The combination is called Fes el-Bali, “old Fes,” because another medina — el-Jedid, “the new” — was built nearby in the 13th century.

Fes el-Bali is said to be the best preserved medieval town in the Arab world and another UNESCO World Heritage site. Most of its large, densely built-up area is free of cars.

Fes el-Bali is even more chaotic than Marrakesh, though in a different way. The souk’s steep, narrow, sunless passages are not for the claustrophobic, and you must be prepared to duck and weave if you want to break the logjam of people and donkey carts. The labyrinth of derbs and cul-de-sacs was fascinating and frustrating, and we spent our time drifting confusedly and getting lost.

We could have hired a guide, but that wouldn’t have been very adventurous, would it? If you ask people for directions, they’ll latch onto you and then expect money. Some use the ploy of taking you the long way around, thus justifying a larger tip. And if you do pay, they may brazenly tell you it’s not enough. “Ten dirhams is nothing!” one snapped at me. “Nothing!”

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