At the river mouth in Cuddalore, the "tsunami completely destroyed parts of a village. However, areas with mangroves and tree shelter belts were significantly less damaged than other areas."
Analytical models suggest that 30 trees per 120 square yards in a 109-yard-wide belt would reduce the maximum tsunami impact by more than 90 percent.
Between 1980 and 2000, human activity, including shrimp farming, reduced the area of mangroves by 26 percent in the five countries most affected by the tsunami.
"Sustainable use and management of coastal wetlands should be a [focus] in an effort to protect people against not only tsunamis, but also hurricanes and storms," Danielsen said in an interview.
-- Juliet Eilperin
Rise of Mammals Was in the Air
A rise in oxygen levels in the atmosphere about 50 million years ago may have been the evolutionary jolt that allowed mammals to grow larger and eventually dominate Earth.
That is the view of researchers who measured the isotope carbon-13 in deep-sea core samples spanning the past 205 million years. Carbon-13 is a byproduct of photosynthesis, by which plants convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates, releasing oxygen into the atmosphere.
Knowing how much carbon-13 was in a deposit enabled scientists to determine the amount of atmospheric oxygen at the same time. The team found that oxygen, steady at 10 percent through the age of the dinosaurs, "spiked" to 17 percent 15 million years later and eventually rose above 20 percent, where it is now.
"We associate the spike with the rise of large . . . mammals," said team leader Paul Falkowski, a Rutgers University geobiologist. "You start to see 12- to 15-foot sloths in South America, gigantic ungulates [hoofed animals] and enormous mammals of all kinds." The team's findings were reported recently in the journal Science.
Large mammals "are the Hummers of the world," Falkowski said, needing lots of oxygen to metabolize food. Also, he said, "plumbing" is important. Larger mammals have fewer capillaries per unit of muscle mass than smaller ones, and need oxygen-rich blood to burn calories efficiently, he said.
Falkowski said the oxygen spike occurred when the continents were growing farther apart and large deposits of organic matter were being laid down on the edges of the Atlantic Ocean, soon to be buried by sediments. This large-scale carbon sequestration eventually became the oil fields of -- among others -- the Gulf Coast and the North Sea.
-- Guy Gugliotta
