By Brian Bergstein
Associated Press
Wednesday, March 21, 2007
John Backus, 82, whose development of the Fortran programming language in the 1950s changed how people interacted with computers and paved the way for modern software, died March 17 in Ashland, Ore., according to IBM Corp., where he spent his career. No cause of death was reported.
Before Fortran, computers had to be meticulously "hand-coded" -- programmed in the raw strings of digits that triggered actions inside the machine. Fortran was a "high-level" programming language because it abstracted that work -- it let programmers enter commands in a more intuitive system, which the computer would translate into machine code on its own.
The breakthrough earned Mr. Backus the 1977 Turing Award from the Association for Computing Machinery, one of the industry's highest accolades. The citation praised his "profound, influential, and lasting contributions."
Mr. Backus also won a National Medal of Science in 1975 and the 1993 Charles Stark Draper Prize, the top honor from the National Academy of Engineering.
"Much of my work has come from being lazy," Mr. Backus told Think, the IBM employee magazine, in 1979. "I didn't like writing programs, and so, when I was working on the [early computer] IBM 701, writing programs for computing missile trajectories, I started work on a programming system to make it easier to write programs."
John Warner Backus was born in Wilmington, Del., in 1924. He had what he would later describe as a "checkered educational career" in prep school and at the University of Virginia, which he left after six months. After being drafted into the Army, Mr. Backus studied medicine but dropped it when he found radio engineering more compelling.
Mr. Backus finally found his calling in math, and he pursued a master's degree at Columbia University. Shortly before graduating, he toured the IBM offices in midtown Manhattan and came across the company's Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator, an early computer stuffed with 13,000 vacuum tubes. He met one of the machine's inventors, Rex Seeber -- who "gave me a little homemade test and hired me on the spot," Mr. Backus recalled in 1979.
Mr. Backus's early work at IBM included computing lunar positions on the balky, bulky computers that were state-of-the-art in the 1950s. But he tired of hand-coding the hardware, and in 1954, he assembled a team to design an easier system.
The result, Fortran, short for Formula Translation, reduced the number of programming statements necessary to operate a machine by a factor of 20. It showed skeptics that machines could run just as efficiently without hand-coding. A wide range of programming languages and software approaches proliferated, although Fortran also evolved over the years and is still in use.
Mr. Backus remained with IBM until his retirement in 1991. Among his other important contributions was a method for describing the particular grammar of computer languages. The system is known as Backus-Naur Form.