U.S. Attorney General Griffin B. Bell, 90; Voice of Moderation as Appeals Court Judge

His nomination for U.S. attorney general revisited much of his work that touched on race. He was publicly defended by Carter as well as Andrew Young, the civil rights activist and former U.S. congressman who was Carter's U.N. ambassador-designate.

"Frankly," Young said at the time, "I prefer a Southerner who has been struggling with the problem of civil rights actively for several years over a Northern intellectual liberal."

Confirmed by the Senate in 1977, Mr. Bell promoted blacks and women to higher positions in the Justice Department, supported various court-reform measures and backed the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, which made it a federal crime for government officials to spy on U.S. citizens without following strict guidelines.

Although his own nomination for attorney general was seen in some corners as a nod to Georgia cronyism, Mr. Bell said he maintained his independence from the Carter White House in investigations involving the president's campaign and his top aides.

For instance, he set the groundwork for Justice's investigation of Carter budget director Bert Lance on bank fraud charges. Lance was later acquitted.

When an interviewer once asked Mr. Bell to rank his performance as attorney general on a scale of one to 10, he replied 11 -- "That's a 10 with no false humility."

Griffin Boyette Bell was born Oct. 31, 1918, in Americus, a town in southwestern Georgia, where his father owned a service station and an appliance store.

In 1943, Mr. Bell married Mary Powell, who died in 2000. The next year, he wed a longtime friend, Nancy Kinnebrew. She survives, along with a son from his first marriage, Griffin Bell Jr. of Atlanta; two grandchildren; and five great-grandchildren.

Mr. Bell rose to major in the Army Transportation Corps during World War II and graduated in 1948 from Mercer University law school in Macon, Ga., where he helped start the law review. By the late 1950s, he rose to managing partner of King & Spalding, whose clients included Cola-Cola, the Southern Railway and the Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta.

Mr. Bell was a former president of the American College of Trial Lawyers. His books included "Taking Care of the Law" (1982), written with Ronald J. Ostrow, and he was the subject of a flattering biography, "Uncommon Sense" (1999), by former Atlanta Constitution editor Reg Murphy.

After returning to King & Spalding from Washington, Mr. Bell was a frequent choice of major corporations to conduct internal investigations of potentially criminal matters. In 1985, he exonerated senior officials of the stock brokerage firm E.F. Hutton & Co. in a check-overdraft scheme. He later headed a corporate investigation into the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska and worked for Dow Corning to review the health risks of its silicone breast implants.

In the early 1990s, he also represented President George H.W. Bush in an independent counsel investigation of the Iran-Contra affair, in which U.S. officials covertly sold arms to Iran to win the release of U.S. hostages in the Middle East and used some of the profits to support Nicaraguan rebels known as the contras.

Working without a fee in 1986, he also helped win the release from Nicaragua of Eugene Hasenfus, a pilot who was ferrying supplies to the rebels and was captured when he was shot down. Although convicted by a Nicaraguan court, Hasenfus was pardoned and released.

Despite his long affiliation with Democrats, Mr. Bell called himself politically independent and continued to be sought after on government panels during George W. Bush's administration. Until last year, he was chief judge of the U.S. Court of Military Commission Review, which hears appeals of military tribunal cases involving suspected terrorists held at the U.S. Navy base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.