CQ Voting Studies are an annual analysis of a member's support or opposition to a given position. Interest Group Ratings are based on rankings from groups chosen to represent liberal, conservative, business and labor viewpoints.Voting Participation scores are based on the number of times a member voted "yea" or "nay" on roll call votes (not including quorum calls in the House). CQ Vote Studies Year Presidential Support Party Unity   S* O* S O 1998 77% 11% 85% 5% 1997 80 17 91 4 1996 77 16 92 3 1995 83 9 89 2 1994 72 18 82 2 1993 76 22 90 3 1992 12 84 90 4 1991 25 71 92 2 1990 13 81 85 3 S=Support; O=Oppose
Voting Participation Year % 1998 86 1997 92 1996 93 1995 90 1994 82 1993 92 1992 93 1991 94 1990 89	Interest Groups Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU 1998 90% n/a 29% 9 % 1997 95 100 30 16 1996 95 91 13 0 1995 85 100 14 8 1994 95 100 18 5 1993 95 100 0 0 1992 95 92 25 0 1991 95 100 20 0 1990 89 100 29 4
Note on Interest Groups: ADA=Americans for Democratic Action; AFL-CIO=American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations; CCUS=Chamber of Commerce of the United States; ACU=American Conservative Union

NEW YORK 15 : Northern Manhattan - Harlem; Washington Heights

This Harlem-centered district was a nexus of black political and cultural power during the heyday of the Harlem Renaissance in the 1920s. But by the time the district was created in 1944, the affluent black community had already attracted so many poor migrants that it had turned into the poverty-stricken district that it remains today. Two highly popular black Democrats - Adam Clayton Powell Jr. and Rep. Rangel - have controlled the 15th since its creation, each serving more than 25 years. A solidly Democratic district, Clinton won more than 85 percent of the vote here in 1992 and '96.

The past 20 years have brought substantial change to the 15th, with Puerto Rican and Dominican immigration supplanting the district's black majority. But low voter participation among Hispanics means the non-Hispanic black population (37 percent) dominates the district's politics.

Most of the 15th's jobs are provided by health care, higher education and small business sectors. But for most of the district's less-educated residents, those jobs are out of reach. The district's doctors, lawyers and other professionals reside in Harlem's affluent black neighborhoods like Strivers Row and the white, affluent Upper West Side and in Morningside Heights around Columbia U. Harlem's 1996 designation as an federal empowerment zone has attracted a few prominent companies.

Major Industry
Health care, higher education, retail

Population
580,354 (1990)

Cities
New York (pt.), 580,354 (1990)

People
100% urban; 12% age 65+ (ranks 23 of 31 in state; middle third nationally); 26% married couples, 12% married couples with children; 18% college educated (ranks 19 of 31 in state; middle third nationally); 58% white collar (ranks 22 of 31 in state; middle third nationally), 21% blue collar (ranks 17 of 31 in state; bottom third nationally) (1990)

Race
Non-Hispanic: 14% white, 37% black, 2% Asian; 45% Hispanic origin (1990)

Median Household Income
$19,238 (ranks 30 of 31 in state; bottom third nationally) (1990)

Unusual Features
The Apollo Theatre; Actor Sidney Poitier owned a barbecue joint in Harlem; Singers Lena Horne and Ella Fitzgerald, comedians Flip Wilson and Redd Foxx, heavyweight boxing champ Joe Lewis and baseball player Willie Mays hail from Harlem; Cathedral of St. John the Divine; Tomb of Ulysses S. Grant.

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