CQ Voting Studies are an annual analysis of a member's support or opposition to a given position. Interest Group Ratings are based on rankings from groups chosen to represent liberal, conservative, business and labor viewpoints.Voting Participation scores are based on the number of times a member voted "yea" or "nay" on roll call votes (not including quorum calls in the House). CQ Vote Studies Year Presidential Support Party Unity   S* O* S O 1998 20% 79% 91% 7% 1997 20 77 95 4 1996 32 68 92 7 1995 14 85 96 3 S=Support; O=Oppose
Voting Participation Year % 1998 99 1997 99 1996 99 1995 99	Interest Groups Year ADA AFL-CIO CCUS ACU 1998 5% n/a 83% 96 % 1997 5 0 90 100 1996 0 0 94 95 1995 0 0 100 100
Note on Interest Groups: ADA=Americans for Democratic Action; AFL-CIO=American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations; CCUS=Chamber of Commerce of the United States; ACU=American Conservative Union

TENNESSEE 4 : Northeast and south central

Nearly as long as the state itself, the 4th extends 300 miles and borders five other districts. Traveling from west to east, plains turn into rolling hills that merge with the Cumberland Plateau and eventually the Appalachian Mountains.

Besides being consistently rural, the only similarity among the district's 22 counties is that local needs almost always take precedence over national issues. Although four media markets serve the district, stores, churches and schools are the main forums for political discussion. Opposition to gun control and gays in the military typifies the socially conservative constituency.

Commercial centers are rare in the 4th; Morristown, the largest city, has a population that just exceeds 20,000. Scattered automobile parts factories and air flight research provide employment, but small-scale farming is predominant. Federal funding for the Tennessee Valley Authority greatly relieves the burden of high power bills in this district, one of the poorest in the nation.

In 1994, the 4th sent its first Republican representative since Reconstruction to Washington, due in part to 1992 redistricting that removed some Democratic votes. Democratic populism prevails in the central counties, while the western, northern and eastern counties remain strongly Republican.

Major Industry
Agriculture, surface mining, auto parts, manufacturing

Military Bases
Arnold Air Force Base, 100 military, 200 civilian, 2,800 private research contractors (1998)

Population
541,650 (1990)

Cities
Morristown, 21,906; Tullahoma, 18,835; Shelbyville, 15,766 (1996)

People
74% rural; 14% age 65+ (ranks first of nine in state; top third nationally); 65% married couples, 29% married couples with children; 9% college educated (ranks ninth of nine in state; bottom third nationally); 39% white collar (ranks ninth of nine in state; bottom third nationally), 46% blue collar (ranks first of nine in state; top third nationally) (1990)

Race
96% white, 4% black, 0% Asian; 0% Hispanic origin (1990)

Median Household Income
$20,685 (ranks ninth of nine in state; bottom third nationally) (1990)

Unusual Features
Scopes "Monkey" Trial in Dayton in 1925 upheld a ruling making it illegal to teach evolution; Jack Daniels sour mash whiskey distillery in Lynchburg is located in a dry county (Moore).

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