We originally posted this in November, but we've updated it in light of Newt Gingrich's comments Thursday in the hours after the attack in Nice, France, that "we should frankly test every person here who is of a Muslim background, and if they believe in Sharia, they should be deported."
Those are findings from separate surveys from the Public Religion Research Institute that suggest that how Americans perceive Muslims is tied more to headlines than personal experiences. The nonprofit released its annual American Values Survey in November, which found that Americans' perceptions of Islam have turned "sharply negative over the past few years."
A majority of Americans (56 percent) say the values of Islam are at odds with American values and way of life — an uptick in recent years. But that doesn't necessarily mean they're connecting the religion to violence.
A more recent February Pew Research Center survey found a significant majority of Americans (68 percent) think "some violent people use religion to justify their actions," while only about 22 percent say the problem is that "the teachings of some religion promote violence."
Robert Jones, the founder and CEO of PRRI, pointed out in an interview that aired in November with public radio news magazine Interfaith Voices that Americans are basing those opinions largely on people they don't interact with.
"Muslims make up only about 1 percent of the U.S. population," he told host Maureen Fiedler, "and they're also heavily concentrated in just a few cities around the country."
(Like this one outside Detroit, where The Washington Post's Sarah Pulliam Bailey reported tensions are running high between old and new residents.)
The geography of where American Muslims live could help explain why, when asked in an August 2011 PRRI survey, seven in 10 Americans said they have seldom or even never had a conversation with anyone who is Muslim in the past year.
Before 9/11 in fact, Jones said, most Americans hadn't really thought much about Islam.
That's changed, of course. At first Americans gave Muslims what Jones called a kind of "grace period," largely thanks to President George W. Bush emphatically declaring America is not at war with Islam (a point Democratic front-runner Hillary Clinton likes to make but Republican candidates have disagreed with).
But as the years in the war on terror dragged on, Americans' perceptions have soured about a culture and religion they still remain largely separate from.
The February Pew Research Center survey found that white, evangelical Protestants were more likely than other religious and ethnic groups to want the president to speak bluntly when talking about Islamic extremism, even if it means being critical of Islam.
The act of simply knowing someone from a minority group can be a powerful perception game-changer. Look no further than the recent speedy cultural shift toward accepting gay and lesbian Americans — and allowing them to marry — that coincided with more and more celebrities and athletes and neighbors and co-workers being open about their sexuality.
In fact, by the time the Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage in June, nine in 10 Americans said they knew someone who was gay. It would seem Americans don't have that kind of connection with Muslims.
Filling that knowledge gap is, of course, the media. And the brutality of the Islamic State — taped beheadings, brash threats, the Paris attacks — is dominating most American news coverage about Islam these days.
When looked at through that perspective, it makes sense why a Washington Post/ABC News poll found 54 percent of Americans oppose bringing 10,000 new Syrian refugees into the country even after screening them.
"We know that most Americans could not put Syria on a map," Jones told Interfaith Voices. "So what they hear is 'Syria equals Middle East equals Muslim.'"
And in the absence of people they know — and perhaps like — who are Muslim, Americans' perceptions of what it means to be one could remain negative for as long as the headlines are.